The Constitution Of India

 The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the land, adopted on November 26, 1949. It outlines the framework of the Indian government, fundamental rights, and duties of citizens.

*Preamble:*

"We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC..."

*Main Features:*

1. Sovereign Democratic Republic

2. Federal Structure (Centre and States)

3. Parliamentary System

4. Independent Judiciary

5. Fundamental Rights (Part III)

6. Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV)

7. Fundamental Duties (Part IVA)

*Fundamental Rights (Part III):*

1. Right to Equality (Art. 14-18)

2. Right to Freedom (Art. 19-22)

3. Right against Exploitation (Art. 23-24)

4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Art. 25-28)

5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Art. 29-30)

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art. 32)

*Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV):*

1. Social Justice and Economic Equality

2. Promoting Welfare of the People

3. Protecting Environment and Culture

4. Improving Health and Education

*Fundamental Duties (Part IVA):*

1. Respect for National Flag and Constitution

2. Defending the Country

3. Promoting Harmony and Brotherhood

4. Protecting Environment and Public Property

*Important Articles:*

1. Art. 21: Right to Life and Liberty

2. Art. 51A: Fundamental Duties

3. Art. 370: Special Provisions for Jammu and Kashmir (abrogated in 2019)

*Amendments:*

Over 100 amendments have been made to the Constitution since its adoption.

*Influential Cases:*

1. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)

2. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)

3. Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980) 

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